[转载]送东阳马生序译文 英语笔译 王磊 Departure Words

Departure Words to Student Ma Junze  

By Song Lian in Ming Dynasty  

  I was liable to study in my childhood extremely. Born in a poverty-stricken family, hardly could I afford any book, so I only copied all the whole books borrowed from the bibliophilists consistently. Even though ink solidified into hardy ice in the inkstone and fingers couldn’t move flexibly in freezing winter, I always hurried up to return them during the limited time. Because of that, people often lent me every book what they had collected, more and more erudite as I was day by day. I especially appreciated the sages besides their theories in my adulthood. But I worried about my abilities to exchange opinions with those sages effortlessly. Once I hiked to visit those masters dewelling in the villages far from hundreds of miles. Their rooms were crowed with lots of students, for their reputations known to all whatever they remained a severe tones and expression. I stood beside him inquiring some questions respectfully. More cautiously as my attitude was, I never debated with him when he berated my inappropriate aspects sometimes, only consulting him again after his delight. Stupid as I was, I acquired much ingathering finally.

  I hiked across the large canyons stretched into the deepest mountains to pursue for knowledge with a heavy bookcase, wearing a pair of old shoes. My feet were frost-bitten in the midwinter, the wind was blowing fiercely and the deepest snow reached to several inches. Back to the inn where I had lived, I never moved a bit at all, servants gave me a bath in hot water, wrapping me up with thick quilts . The inn owner provided two simple meals a day without fresh and delicious foods to enjoy. But the other students living in the same inn wore gauderies, dressed in hats decorated with bright-red lace and sparkling jewels, in a jade belt circling around their waists with a precious sword on the left and a perfume satchel on the right, looked like the supernatural being in appearance. Otherwise, I was full of no envy even though I wore old coats. Because nothing was filled into my thinking except for the happiness to learning.        

  Nowadays, nothing existed except a little achievement while I was old enough, but I was ranked as the noble fortunately, enjoying the affluent, accompanying beside the emperor for services each day, known to the society, nothing could say that people excelled me.

  All the students in the Imperial College had no anxieties about their foods awarded from the empire, no worries about their clothes offered by their parents; they could learn Book of Songs and Book of History in the large house without running about; no questions failed to be settled because of the pundits as their masters; no necessities to borrow any book from the other people and copy all the contexts in person like me, all the books were collected here year in or year out. If those were lack of some erudite characters and much concentration, it was their own business.

  Student Ma Junze, from Dong Yang City, was in the Imperial College for two-year studying, whose talents were acclaimed by the same generation. With a long letter written in a influent discourse as the present for our first meeting while I arrived in the capital, his attitude was mild and tender in our debates. His studying hard showed that he was an industrious man in the teenager. He was to visit his hometown soon, so I told him my difficulties in seeking for knowledge.

  It was my actual purpose on writing this article that persuaded my fellow villagers to study hard; it was not the real man who knew my intention indeed, if he misunderstood my show-off about good luck in lifetime.

古文英译

古文英译的过程中，需要掌握古汉语的特点和英语的词汇、句子的规则，浅谈古文英译区别于现代汉语英译的部分原则

古汉语特点：汉语词汇由古到今，词汇的类别由少变多，表达思想的功能渐由粗疏转向精细，而其中突出一特点就是在构词方式上

一、词汇的特点    

1、多用单音词  以单音词为主为以多音节（主要是双音节）词为主， “其业有不错，德有不成者”中“不“

2、常见用语气词  古文中，常见语气词用来表示句子结构和语气。如“也”、“矣”、“耳”、“焉”这些语气词作为直陈句的标记；另外，还存在表疑问的语气助词如“耶”、与、乎、哉“；表反问如”岂、宁、得毋“；还有单纯表语气的语气助词如”嗟乎！“等等

3、一字多用  例：“未尝稍降其色”中“色”释意“表情”Their rooms were crowed with lots of students, for their reputations known to all whatever they remained a severe tones and expression.”或遇其叱咄，色欲恭”表示“态度” More cautiously as my attitude was, I never debated with him when he berated my inappropriate aspects sometimes, only consulting him again after his delight.等等

二、句法特点

1、多短句古汉语语法结构简单，动词使用频率高，使语言形象生动、活泼有力

2、无主句现象  古汉语中，大量出现不含主语的句子。如：“家贫，无从致书以观，每假借于藏书之家，手自笔录，计日以还。天大寒，砚冰坚，手指不可屈伸，弗之怠。录毕，走送之，不敢稍逾约。”文章语句简短，无主语。因此，在英语翻译中，根据英语句法的需要，增添或者不译。Born in a poverty-stricken family, hardly could I afford any book, so I only copied all the whole books borrowed from the bibliophilists consistently. Even though ink solidified into hardy ice in the inkstone and fingers couldn’t move flexibly in freezing winter, I always hurried up to return them during the limited time.

三、篇章特点

表现在语言形式上，即在句与句衔接，句群与句群的接合中，有浓重的“意和合”色彩。

     古文英译特点

一、辨别词义，注重选词

二、辨别词性，选择词性

省译古汉语中一些表结构或语气的助词，译成英语时，由于英语的句式特点暗含其框架；英语句式不宜表达其语气，可省译.如：“岂知余者哉。”it was not the real man who knew my intention indeed, if he misunderstood my show-off about good luck in lifetime.古文中“哉”表示疑问语气，英语翻译是可采用省译手法，使文章通俗易懂。

三、增译无主句或隐性的关联词，古文英译时需加以注意和补足

四、古文英译的侧重点：篇章的翻译如果翻译时，就单就字译字，就句译句，很容易割裂其整体感，甚至曲解其意；要把握古文的总体，注意其内在的逻辑发展形式进行翻译