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[转载]汉诗英译的语言之美

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汉诗英译的语言之美

张智中

(天津师范大学外国语学院,天津 300387

张紫涵

中南大学外国语学院,长沙 410083

 

摘 要:汉诗之美,离不开诗歌的语言之美;英诗之美,也离不开诗歌的语言之美。同样道理,汉诗英译之美,也多在于译诗的语言之美。因此,在汉诗英译的过程中,应将汉诗的语言之美,转变为英诗的语言之美。诗歌的语言之美,主要包括典雅之美、通俗之美、简隽之美、借鉴之美、和谐之美、精当之美等。

关键词:汉诗英译语言之美;语言之美的体现与再生

 

Beauty of Diction in C-E Poetry Translation

ZHANG Zhi-zhong

(College of Foreign Languages, Tianjin Normal University; Tianjin; 300387)

ZHANG Zi-han

(College of Foreign Languages, Central South University, Changsha 410083)

 

Abstract: The beauty of Chinese poetry is indispensable with the beauty of diction, and the same situation applies to English poetry, hence the beauty of C-E poetry translation lies in the beauty of diction in translated poems. Therefore, in the process of C-E poetry translation, the beauty of diction in Chinese poetry shall be converted into the beauty of diction in English poetry. The beauty of diction in poetry mainly includes the beauty of elegance, the beauty of vulgarity, the beauty of brevity, the beauty of borrowing, the beauty of harmony, and the beauty of felicity, etc.

Key words: C-E poetry translation; the beauty of diction; manifestation and reproduction of the beauty of diction

 

1.       引言

诗歌翻译,重在审美信息的传达,而不是基本信息的传译;否则,便不能称得上真正意义的诗歌翻译。诗歌语言最为精炼,语汇最为丰富,表达形式最为精美,语言的色调最为细腻。那么,汉诗英译时,该如何措词造语?无论译者是谁,无论采取何种翻译方法,翻译目的只能是一个:为了译出诗。或曰:为了译出诗美。

然而,由于汉英两种语言具有其各自的民族特点和文化特征,其词义内涵、句法特征、表达习惯等差异极大,因而,要实现两种语言间形象的转换和审美再现,绝非易事。这就意味着,在诗歌翻译的过程中,要译出诗来,绝非一件容易的事情。

有人说:诗歌只有一个标准,就是它的创造性。那么,我们也可以说:诗歌翻译也有一个标准,这就是译诗的创造性。没有创造性的译诗,注定不是好的译诗。原诗的美,是诗人的创造;译诗的美,则是译者的创造——虽然是在原诗基础之上的创造。

汉诗为诗,英译之后的英诗,也应该首先是诗。汉诗有汉语的语言美,英译之后的英诗,也自应有着英诗的语言美。那么,汉诗英译的语言之美,究竟体现在哪些方面呢?

诗歌的语言美,或曰汉诗英译的语言之美,有着多种体现,如典雅之美、通俗之美、简隽之美、借鉴之美、和谐之美、精当之美,等等。

 

2.       典雅之美

在中国古典诗词中,有着大量的典雅之词;正是这些典雅之词,增进了古典汉诗的典雅之美。然而,诗文用语并非汉诗的专利,英诗亦屡见不鲜。如果说典雅词语与现代散文时有扦格的话,之于诗歌,或曰之于汉诗的英译,却正是相匹相配、巧接妙合。例如:

征帆去棹残阳里,背西风、酒旗斜矗。

王安石《桂枝香·金陵怀古》

A boat set sail into the dying sunset,

With the west wind at its back and wine shop signs aflutter:

Tr. 龚景浩

村,

狗的吠声,叫颤了

满天的疏星。

艾青《透明的夜》

To the village

Where the bark of a dog sets a-quiver

The scattered stars filling the sky.

Tr. 欧阳桢、彭文兰、玛丽莱·金

酒徒们,走向村边

进入了一道灯光敞开的门

艾青《透明的夜》

The winebibbers make their way to the edge of the village

And enter the door gaping with lamplight

Tr. 欧阳桢、彭文兰、玛丽莱·金

       在上引译诗中,aflutter, a-quiver, winebibbers等,都因典雅而增进了译诗的诗美。

 

3.       通俗之美

关于语言,英国著名诗人华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)强调,要采用活泼的口语,不要搬弄古人诗句。他坦率地说:“在我的诗集里,很少看见通常所说的诗的词汇;我费了很多力气避免之。”(李珺平2005: 274-275)就语言方面而言,华兹华斯给世界诗歌所带来的,正是诗语的通俗之美。

本来,诗歌的语言之美,不仅限于典雅之美。通俗、朴素、自然,也是一种美。例如骆宾王《咏鹅》及其英译:

鹅,鹅,鹅,曲项向天歌,

白毛浮绿水,红掌拨清波。

Hymn to the Goose

Honk, honk, and honk,

With upward neck thou to the sky loudly sing.

Thy white feathers float on the water green,

Thy red webs push the crystal waves with a swing.

Tr. 万昌盛、王涧中

       原诗平白如话,一如儿童之诗。反观译文:thou, thy,再加语序倒置,致使译文典雅。而原诗却是通俗的,从而风格相舛。再看李白的《自遣》:

对酒不觉暝,落花盈我衣。

醉起步溪月,鸟还人亦稀。

“像这种明白如话的句子,在他[李白]的诗中是很多的。这也是构成他的风格的一个重要因素。”(王瑶2008: 254

Solitude

I’m drunk with wine

And with moonshine,

With flowers fallen o’er the ground

And o’er me the blue-gowned.

Sobered, I stroll along the stream

Whose ripples gleam.

I see no bird

And hear no word.

Tr. 许渊冲

译诗虽押尾韵,各诗行却没有取得等同的音节数。这在许渊冲的数千首译诗中,是难得一见的例外。从语言风格方面来看,英译质朴流畅,一如原诗,从而取得了语言风格上的大体一致。通俗与典雅,本在诗歌当中并存。英译之时,译者当随原文之雅而雅,随原文之俗而俗。此乃诗歌译者的不二选择。

 

4.       简隽之美

“在中国诗风格诸特点中,简约是个最明显的特征。”(赵毅衡2003: 197)这个论断估计最容易为人所普遍接受。因为简约,汉语诗歌便往往一句包含数重之意。这一方面说明汉诗英译,首先应该力求精练;另一方面也说明,汉诗英译,欲求精练而含蓄,是有一定难度的。因此,汉学家格雷厄姆(A. C. Graham)说:“汉诗的译者最必需的便是简洁的才能,有人以为要把一切都传达出来就必须增加一些词,结果使得某些用字最精炼的中国作家的作品被译成英文之后,反而显得特别罗嗦。”(丛滋杭2008: 76

例如孟郊《登科后》及其两个英译:

昔日龌龊不足夸,今朝放荡思无涯。

春风得意马蹄疾,一日看尽长安花。

    英译一:

After Passing the Examination

The wretchedness of my former years I have no need to brag:

Today’s gaiety has freed my mind to wander without bounds.

Lighthearted in the spring breeze, my horse’s hoofs run fast;

In a single day I have seen all the flowers of Ch’ang-an.

Tr. Irving Y. Lo

       英译二:

Successful at the Civil Service Exam

Gone are all my past woes! What more have I to say?

My body and my mind enjoy their fill today.

Successful, faster runs my horse in vernal breeze,

I’ve seen within one day all flowers on the trees.

Tr. 许渊冲

一眼即可看出:英译一不仅采用自由体译诗,而且译文冗长;英译二不仅采用格律体译诗,而且语言相对凝练。新诗如艾青的《无题》第18首及其英译:

为什么谎话也有市场

因为轻信的人太多

Lies thrive

On credulity

Tr. 庞秉钧、闵福德、高尔登

就语言风格而言,汉诗明白如话、平易近人,这似乎也是著名诗人艾青比较凸出的语言风格之一。其实,中国新诗也不乏类似的语言风格。诗歌的语言之美,在翻译的过程当中,似乎有些变化。虽如此,读到译诗,我们却不能不感叹译者深厚的语言功力和良好的美学修养。若问为何?原因即在于诗歌的语言之美,尽管有了明显的变化,译诗所具有的语言之美,却与原诗不相上下。极而言之,在倾向于典雅风格的读者看来,译诗可能比原诗更加耐读耐品,因译诗语言具简隽之美,几近格言警句。复读之下,似感英译超越了原诗,为不可多得之译作。

在汉诗英译中,若能做到以简驭繁,自是翻译的上层境界。没有译事译诗之相当经验者,皆不能如此译之。

 

5.       借鉴之美

翻译离不开借鉴。在汉诗英译的过程当中,倘若译者能借鉴英诗的语言表达方式,则可极大地增进译诗语言的美感,从而增进诗歌的意境美。这也是所谓发挥译文语言优势之一种。例如:

养怡之福,可得永年。

幸甚至哉,歌以咏志。

曹操《龟虽寿》

How long the sand of life may flow,

Not to Heaven alone we owe.

Sound in body, sound in mind,

We can leave death far behind.

Tr. 汪榕培

聚散苦匆匆,此恨无穷。

              欧阳修《浪淘沙》

Caus’d by partings hasty and reunions brief,

There have been a thousand and one stories of grief.

Tr. 卓振英

晨兴理荒秽,带月荷锄归。

陶渊明《归园田居》(其三)

Early I rise to clear the weeds away;

I plod home, hoe on shoulder, with the moon ray.

Tr. 许渊冲

曹操《龟虽寿》英译中的the sand of life, 欧阳修《浪淘沙》英译中的a thousand and one, 都是地道的英文表达方式。陶渊明《归园田居》(其三)英译中的I plod home, 则令人想起英国诗人Thomas Gray的名作Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard中的第三、四行:The plowman homeward plods his weary way, / And leaves the world to darkness and to me. 借鉴之下,译文顿时生辉。

 

6.       和谐之美

如前所述,英语是一种以形合为主的语言,讲究语态、时态、单复数等诸多方面的照应、配合、一致,如此才能保证英译文的正确和流畅。汉诗英译当中的和谐之美,便由此而来。例如王昌龄的《采莲曲》及其两种英译:

荷叶罗裙一色裁,芙蓉向脸两边开。

    乱入池中看不见,闻歌始觉有人来。

        英译一:

Song of Picking Lotus Blossoms

The lotus leaves and the skirts assume one color,

The blossoms and the faces set off each other.

The girls are mixed in the pond and hard for me to see,

I failed to sense their approach until their songs reached me.

Tr. 邢全臣

英译二:

Lotus-plucking Tune

Of the same green are lotus leaves and skirts;

Lotus blossoms bloom against fair faces.

In a pool of riotous flowers, plucking girls

Are hard to be descried till their ditties.

— Tr. 张智中

在英译一中,第四行使用了failedreached两个动词,为一般过去时,而之前的动词却用的是一般现在时。这就导致了译诗在时态方面的不和谐。英译二所采用的一般现在时,当然是合理的选择:为了生动形象之故——即便诗歌描写的可能是过去的事情。再如李涉《题鹤林寺僧舍》及其三种英译:

终日昏昏醉梦间,忽闻春尽强登山。

因过竹院逢僧话,又得浮生半日闲。

英译一:

Go Climbing

I feel in a daze as if drunk and in dreams all day,

Hearing spring will end soon I force myself to go climbing.

I chat with monks when passing a temple on the way,

So I’m carefree one more half day as a mortal being.

Tr. 邢全臣

英译二:

Mounting a Hill

The unsuccessful career oft makes my life seem a dream,

Hill-mounting’s my resolve on knowing spring’s passing, I deem.

While mounting, I talk with monks I meet at Buddhist temples,

Which gives me half a day’s leisure free of my mundane feme.

Tr. 郭著章

英译三:

By a Buddhist Temple

Living a drunken and dreamlike life from day to day,

I brace myself to climb mountain when spring’s on the wane.

By a bamboo temple I talk with a monk midway:

Half a day, in my floating life, is thus whiled away.

Tr. 张智中

“因过竹院逢僧话”,其中的“僧”,究竟有几个?汉语不显,正是其含蓄和可玩味之处。但在英译之时,译者却是无处可逃,必须表白:单数之“僧”?还是复数之“僧”?英译一和英译二均译作复数monks, 英译三却译作单数a monk. 究竟何者为佳?

诗人因感不适(终日昏昏醉梦间),而欲做调整(忽闻春尽强登山);但因途遇友人闲聊(因过竹院逢僧话),竟至忘却了自己原本的计划和打算(又得浮生半日闲)。由此看来,“僧”非一般僧,应该是诗人久而不见的知己,才有说不完的心里话。虽因逢僧话而耽误了登山之事,诗人愉快的心情,却潜透在“又得浮生半日闲”七字当中。那么,如此之“僧”,岂可多哉?

汉诗英译之时,无论时态的一致,还是单复数的选择,都需译者费心,如此才能保证译诗的和谐之美。

 

7.       精当之美

注重炼字、活用词语,是中国诗歌一贯的传统。例如:

山光悦鸟性,潭影空人心。

常建《破山寺后禅院》

       一个“悦”字,一个“空”字,状物何其传神!观其三种英译:

       英译一:

The birds are gladdened by the mountain light;

Shaded pools bring my heart to peaceful climes.

Tr. 陆佩弦

       英译二:

Mountain scene pleases the birds,

Shady pond cleanses the heart of man.

Tr. 任治稷

       英译三:

In mountain’s aura flying birds feel pleasure;

In shaded pool a carefree mind finds leisure.

Tr. 许渊冲

       汉诗传神之“字眼”,在译文中早已不见踪影。说汉诗不可译,往往指汉诗中的“字眼”不可译。精当之美的若有所失,有时,似乎是无可奈何的了。再如苏轼之《蝶恋花》及其两种英译:

花褪残红青杏小,燕子飞时,绿水人家绕。枝上柳绵吹又少,天涯何处无芳草!

墙里秋千墙外道,墙外行人,墙里佳人笑。笑渐不闻声渐悄,多情却被无情恼。

       英译一:

DIE LIAN HUA

Flowers wilt with fading red, and green apricots small.

When the swallows fly,

Over the homestead in blue waters they circle.

Catkins on the twigs of willows again by the wind diminished,

No place on earth but with fragrant grass adorned!

 

Swings inside the walls,

Roads on the outside.

Outside people passing by,

Inside pretty girls laughing loud.

Laughter gradually dies out and heard no more,

Lover men harassed by innocent girls.

Tr. 任治稷(Charles Jen

       英译二:

Tune: Butterflies in Love with Flowers

Red flowers fade, green apricots appear still small,

When swallows pass

Over blue water that surrounds the garden wall.

Most willow catkins have been blown away, alas!

But there is no place where grows no sweet grass.

      

Without the wall there is a path, within a swing.

A passer-by

Hears a fair maiden’s laughter in the garden ring.

The ringing laughter fades to silence by and by;

For the enchantress the enchanted can only sigh.

Tr. 许渊冲

英译一语言清新流畅,直到最后一行“多情却被无情恼”译文中harassed一词的出现,终于大刹风景!“恼”字被阐释成harassed(疲倦的;厌烦的),与原诗之情趣相乖背。一个英文单词失去了精当之美,整首译诗的意境也随之遭到了破坏。正是:一词失误,全诗皆输。比读英译二,不仅用了动词sigh来表示无奈的叹息,而且,同源词语enchantress(妖妇)和enchant(着魔;迷惑)的并用,更将原诗内涵的微妙情趣,直生生译将出来。词语的失当与精当之别,于此二译中凸显出来。

实字之外,虚字亦可妙用。如李华的《春行寄兴》:

宜阳城下草萋萋,涧水东流复向西。

芳树无人花自落,春山一路鸟空啼。

“‘自’与‘空’,着重点出郊野之宁静。但这宁静并非沉寂,水在流,花在落,鸟在啼,非常和谐地统一在这宁静的环境中,使人看来,富有生气。并且由于出现了声响和动态,反而更加衬托出其宁静幽渺来。……从动中见静,以音响显示宁谧,可以互证。”(沈祖棻2008: 149)比较以下四种英译:

英译一:

               An Improvisation on Spring Outing

At the foot of the city walls of Yiyang

     Grasses are lush and green.

Gulley water is flowing east

     And turns west then.

Fragrant blossoms of trees are

     Of themselves fading.

Throughout the hilly journey

     Spring birds are vainly crowing.

Tr. 唐一鹤

英译二:

An Impromtu on a Spring Day

Under the Yiyang Town wall the thick weed grows,

The creek of the gully turns east and then west flows.

The flowers fall and fade deserted and desolate,

The birds chirp in the green hill with the echo of its mate.

Tr. 刘军平

英译三:

Improvised while Ambling on a Spring Day

Outside Yiyang city, wild grasses are overgrown,

Stream water flows east and turns west all alone.

From flowery trees, uncared-for petals fall down,

Along the hill path birds cry, but to men unknown.

Tr. 君朴

英译四:

Spring Notes

Li Hua

Grass grows green and lush beneath the city walls;

Creek water flows now east and then west. Petals

Fall unenjoyed from fragrant trees; the mountain

Is overflowing with birds’ twitters, all in vain.

Tr. 张智中

“自”、“空”二字,英译一译作Of themselvesvainly, 比较贴切。英译二用两个头韵单词deserteddesolate来译“自”字,虽然有一定的韵律效果,但似与原文含义不太契合;将副词的“空”字译成名词的echo(回声),也许是译者的理解偏差。英译三分别译作uncared-forto men unknown, 也是一种比较好的变通。英译四用unenjoyedall in vain, 在传达原诗的意境美方面,可能效果更好一点儿。

 

8.       小结

汉诗之美,尤其是古典汉诗之美,往往在于诗歌的语言之美;同样道理,汉诗英译之美,也多在于译诗的语言之美。诗歌的艺术,往往是语言的艺术;同样道理,诗歌翻译的艺术,也是不折不扣的语言的艺术。

在汉诗英译的过程中,应将汉诗的语言之美,转变为英语或英诗的语言之美。诗歌的语言之美,经常有着多种体现,包括典雅之美、通俗之美、简隽之美、借鉴之美、和谐之美、精当之美,等等。在诗歌创作中,字词的运用,无论虚实,以美为上。汉诗英译的过程,自然也是一个语言之美的再生过程。

 

 

参考文献

 

[1] 丛滋杭. 中西方诗学的碰撞[M]. 北京:国防工业出版社,2008.

[2] 李珺平. 中国古代抒情理论的文化阐释[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,2005.

[3] 沈祖棻. 唐人七绝诗浅释[M]. 北京:中华书局,2008.

[4] 王瑶. 中国诗歌发展讲话[M]. 南京:江苏文艺出版社,2008.

[5] 赵毅衡. 诗神远游——中国如何改变了美国现代诗[M]. 上海:上海译文出版社,2003.

 

载《海军工程大学学报(综合版)2014年第4

 


 

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